Network Layers Every piece of the network is
(IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). These protocols provide things such as IP addresses and port operations. When a packet is transmitted, it includes a flag that identifies which protocol it uses. Logical protocols can work side by side and can even depend upon one another. There are many logical protocols. See the file /etc/protocols for a mostly complete list. The ones we’re most concerned with are IP and TCP (already mentioned), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The logical protocol talks to the physical protocol layer and to applications. Applications You can call applications another layer of the network. This is anything that the end user sees or any server program. Web browsers are applications, as are web servers, as are shell prompts and email clients, or compilers, or anything else. Applications only have to worry about the logical protocol and the application user. [1]”Twoax” required two thick pieces of cable for each network connection. I saw this on an IBM System 38 in the fall of 1999, on a system that didn’t speak TCP/IP. The moral of the story is: Be careful with what you implement today, because you may have to live with it for a very long time. Page 160
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